As we navigate through our everyday lives, empathy, the ability to understand and share the feelings of others, acts as an invisible thread that connects us all. It's a powerful force, one that has deep roots in our biology, influencing how we connect, care for, and understand each other. But what happens in our brains when we empathise with others? Let's embark on a fascinating journey into the neuroscience of empathy.
Just over twenty years ago, a group of researchers at the University of Parma, Italy, stumbled upon a groundbreaking discovery: mirror neurons. These neurons, found in the motor areas of the brain, not only produce activity when a monkey performs an action, but they also fire up when the monkey observes someone else performing that same action. In simpler terms, when we see someone smiling, our mirror neurons for smiling also activate, allowing us to feel an almost instinctive understanding of their emotions1.
Studies have also shown that humans possess a mirror neuron system similar to monkeys. This system, which includes neurons in the prefrontal areas and the inferior parietal lobule, is believed to be integral for social interactions and empathy. Furthermore, research has suggested that a dysfunctional mirror neuron system might contribute to social, motor, and language deficits observed in conditions like autism, where individuals often experience difficulty with social communication and interaction1.
When we delve into the origins of empathy, we're venturing into the realm of evolutionary biology. From an evolutionary perspective, empathy might seem counterintuitive, as it often involves putting the needs of others before our own. However, researchers propose that empathy evolved because it boosted our ancestors' survival chances. Empathy enables us to be attuned to the needs of our offspring and promotes interpersonal relationships and cooperation, all of which increase the survival odds for our group. As renowned primatologist Frans de Waal, who studies empathy and conflict-resolution in primates, puts it, "Empathy is simply enlightened self-interest"1.
Yet, our capacity for empathy isn't uniform—it often varies depending on who we're empathising with. Studies have shown that we instinctively direct more empathy toward those we consider part of our "in-group" or tribe. This inclination might be a byproduct of evolution, preparing us to quickly identify and protect members of our group from outside threats. However, this in-group preference can also lead to intergroup discrimination, underscoring the importance of cultivating empathy beyond the confines of our immediate circles1.
One intriguing aspect of empathy is its connection with oxytocin, a hormone often called the "cuddle hormone." This hormone helps us bond with others, and research has shown that it enhances in-group empathy while promoting defensive aggression towards people outside our group. This dual role of oxytocin—promoting bonding and empathy while also potentially encouraging division and conflict—highlights the complex nature of empathy in our social interactions and relationships1.
As we unearth more about the neuroscience of empathy, we gain valuable insights into how we can foster stronger, more empathetic connections in our increasingly globalised world. To help us navigate this complex landscape, here are five practical takeaways:
